Métodos de análise química para a detecção de 4-metilmetcatinona (mefedrina), desde uma perspectiva farmacológica e toxicológica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38017/1657463X.686Palavras-chave:
Catinona, Mefedrona, 4-metilmetcatinona, Farmacologia, ToxicologiaResumo
Nos últimos 25 anos na Europa, surgiram novas drogas sintéticas derivadas da planta khat (Catha edulis), obtidas do grupo Catinona. A catinona é um alcaloide muito potente análogo às anfetaminas. Entre os derivados da catinona está a mefedrona (4-metilmetcatinona (4-MMC)), que possui efeitos farmacológicos equivalentes aos relatados pelo ecstasy, anfetamina ou cocaína. O artigo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica abrangente dos principais métodos de detecção da 4-MMC conhecida como mefedrona e sua metodologia de síntese, o artigo além disso mostra as propriedades físico-químicas, a farmacologia, a toxicologia e os principais efeitos nocivos sob a saúde. É de particular interesse e preocupação que esse medicamento derivado da efedrona seja proveniente de uma planta e seja considerado legal em alguns países da Europa Ocidental. Ele tem sido amplamente utilizado nos últimos anos para fins recreativos em vários países da Europa, América do Norte e na maioria dos países da América do Sul, devido à sua facilidade de compra e que se mostra como nova alternativa ao ecstasy e à cocaína. Os efeitos do 4-MMC estão associados aos efeitos dos estimulantes, como aumento da concentração, estimulação psicomotora, apetite reduzido e insônia. Estudos recentes descreveram que o uso compulsivo de mefedrona é principalmente um fenômeno juvenil e entre os efeitos colaterais perigosos estão o vício intenso, mudanças desconfortáveis na temperatura corporal e na frequência cardíaca, alucinações, psicose até a morte por overdose. Com base no exposto, é imprescindível que as revisões da literatura se concentrem na química, farmacologia, toxicologia e análise de risco para a mefedrona, para encontrar estratégias para determinação rápida e mitigar seus efeitos adversos em dependentes e evitar o consumo e favorecer em desenvolver metodologias de detecção.
Biografia do Autor
Diego Hernando Ángulo Florez, Fundación Universitaria Juan de Castellanos
Licenciado en Química con énfasis en análisis químico instrumental. Magíster en Docencia de la Química. Doctor en Química de la Universidad Federal de São João del-Rei, por el programa multicéntrico en química de Minas Gerais-Brasil, bolsista (becario) por la OEA del programa BRACOL del grupo COIMBRA para la cooperación de América Latina.
Edna Carolina Cipagauta Esquivel, Universidad de Boyacá
Química de alimentos, Magíster en Química Orgánica por el programa multicéntrico en química de Minas Gerais-Brasil, bolsista (becaria) de la Rede Mineira de Química-UFSJ, Universidad Federal de São João del-Rei. Docente universitaria que enfoca la educación y la enseñanza en la interdisciplinariedad en contexto, la integralidad con otras disciplinas y la resolución de problemas mediante los niveles de abertura.
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Carhart-Harrist, R. I., King, L. A., & Nut, D. J. 2011. A web-based survey on mephedrone. Drug and Alcohol Dependence (118): 19-22.
Christie, R., Horan, E, Fox, J., O'Donnell, C., Byrne, H.J., McDermott, Power, J. S.& Kavanagh, P. 2014. Discrimination of cathinone regioisomers, sold as 'legal highs', by
Raman spectroscopy, Drug Test Anal 6 (7-8): 651-657.
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Dick, D., & Torrance, C. 2010. Drugs Survey. MixMag (8): 225-244.
Dickson, A. J., Vorce, S. P., Levine, B., & Past, M. R. 2010. Multiple-drug toxicity caused by the coadministration of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and heroin. Journal of Analytical Toxicology (34): 162–168.
EMCDDA. 2017. EMCDDA – Drug Profiles: Synthetic Cathinones. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cathinones.
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EWS: Early warning system. (2011). http://www.emcdda. europa.eu/themes/new-drugs/early-warning .
Ferreira, C., Vaz, A. R., Florindo, P. R., Lopes, Á., Brites, D., & Quintas, A. 2019. Development of a high throughput methodology to screen cathinones toxicological impact. Forensic Science International, (169): 1-9.
Fisher, D., Partridge, S. J., Handley, S. A., & Flanagan, R. J. 2013. Stability of some atypicalantipsychotics in human plasma, haemolysed whole blood, oral fluid, human serum and calf serum. Forensic Science International (229): 151–156.
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Freni, F., Bianco , S., Vignali, C., Groppi, A., Moretti, M., Marco, A. & Morini, L. 2019. A multi-analyte LC–MS/MS method for screening and quantification of 16 synthetic cathinones in hair: Application to postmortem cases. Forensic Science International, (298): 115-120.
Fukushima, S., Shen, H., Hata, H., Ohara, A., Ohmi, K., Ikeda, K. & Uhl, G. 2007. Methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity and sensitization in dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 double mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (193): 55–62.
Gibbons, S. & Zloh, M. 2010. An analysis of the ‘legal high’ mephedrone. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (20): 4135–4139.
Glickstein, S., & Schmauss, C. 2004. Effect of methamphetamine on cognition and repetitive motor behavior of mice deficient for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1025): 110–118.
Glicksberg, L. & Kerrigan, S. 2017. Stability of Synthetic Cathinones in Blood. J. Anal. Toxicol. (41): 711–719.
Glicksberg, L. & Kerrigan, S. 2018. Stability of Synthetic Cathinones in Urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. (42): 77–87.
Gygi, M., Gibb, J., & Hanson, G. 1996. Methcathinone: an initial study of its effects on monoaminergic systems. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (3): 1066–1072.
H. Torrance, 2010. The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland. Forensic Science International,. (10): 62-63.
Jankovics, P., Varadi, A., Tolgyesi, L., Lohner, S., Nemeth-Palotas, J., & Koszegi-Szalai, H. 2012. Identification and characterization of the new designer drug 40-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and elaboration of a novel liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) screening method for seven different methcathinone analogs. Forensic Science International,(3): 213-220.
Jones, L., Reed, P., & Parrott, A. 2016. Mephedrone and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: Comparative psychobiological effects as reported by recreational polydrug users. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30 (12): 1313-1320.
Kapitány-Fövény, M., Kertész, M., Winstock, A., Deluca, P., & Corazza, O. 2013. Substitutional potential of mephedrone: an analysis of the subjective effects. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental (28): 308–316.
Kavanagh, P., O’Brien, J., Power, J. D., & Talbot, B. 2013. ‘Smoking’ mephedrone: The identification of the pyrolysis products of 4-methylmethcathinone hydrochloride. Drug Testing and Analysis (5):291–305.
Kehr, J., Ichinose, F., Yoshitake, S., Goiny, M., Sievertsson, T. & Nyberg, F. 2011. Mephedrone, compared to MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and serotonin levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats. British Journal of Pharmacology, 164 (8): 1949-1958.
Kelly J. P. 2011. Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Testing and Analysis (3): 439-435.
Levitas, M.P., Andrews, E., Lurie, I., Marginean, I., 2018. Discrimination of synthetic cathinones by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS using cold electron ionization. Forensic Sci. Int. (288): 107–114.
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Como Citar
Ángulo Florez, D. H., & Cipagauta Esquivel, E. C. (2020). Métodos de análise química para a detecção de 4-metilmetcatinona (mefedrina), desde uma perspectiva farmacológica e toxicológica. Cultura Científica, 1(18), 95–120. https://doi.org/10.38017/1657463X.686
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2020-12-14
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Artículo de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
