El follaje y su función en la calidad de la producción vitícola
Palabras clave:
Canopi, Fotosíntesis, Luz, FotoperiodicidadResumen
La principal función del follaje en las plantas es llevar a cabo una fotosíntesis eficiente. De ahí, la necesidad de mantener plantaciones con canopis formados por estructuras vigorosas y uniformemente distribuidas que produzcan fotosíntatos suficientes para la obtención de frutos con miras a competir en los mercados nacionales e internacionales. La importancia del follaje en las plantas aumenta cada vez más, pasando de ser una práctica utilizada inicialmente en el control del crecimiento, obtención de rendimientos sostenibles y prevención de plagas y enfermedades; para convertirse en un método integral esencial en busca del mejoramiento de la calidad de los productos cosechados. La industria vinícola de clima frío tropical debe esforzarse por aumentar la calidad de la uva y por ende de sus vinos, a través del manejo de los viñedos frente a las condiciones climáticas de las zonas aptas para el cultivo; pues bajo estas circunstancias, la luz es probablemente el factor ambiental más complejo y variable que actúa sobre las plantas, desempeñando un papel crucial al proporcionar energía para la fotosíntesis y servir como estímulo para el crecimiento y la adquisición de información de calidad.
Biografía del autor/a
pedro Almanza, Fundación Universitaria Juan de Castellanos
Doctorado (c) en Ciencias Agropecuarias, área Agraria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. Esp. en Frutales de Clima Frío, UPTC. Ingeniero Agrónomo, UPTC. Docente UPTC, catedrático Fundación Universitaria Juan de Castellanos.
Referencias bibliográficas
ARCHER, E. Y STRAUSS, H.C. (1985). «The effect of plant density on root distribution of three-year-old grafted 99 Richter grapevines», S Afr J Enol Vitic; 6: 25-30.
ARCHER. E .. SWANEPOEL, J.J. Y STRAUSS, H.C. (1988). «Effect of plant spacing and trellising systems on grapevine root distribution».ln: J.L. Van Zyl (comp.) The grapevine root and its environment, ARC lnfruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa,. pp. 74-87.
CARBONEAU, A. (1980). Recherche sur les systems de conduite de Ia vigne: essai de maitrise du microclimat et de Ia plante entiere pour produire economiquement du raisin de qualite. 240 p. These Docteur-lngenieur .. Universite de Bordeaux II , Bordeaux, Francia.
CHAMPAGNOL, F. (1984 ). Elements de physiologie de Ia vigne et viticulture generale. 251 p.lmprimerie Dehan, Montpellier, France.
CRIPPEN, D.O., and J.C. MORRISON. (1986). The effects of sun exposure on the compositional development of Cabernet-Sauvignon berries. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28:88-95.
GHOLAMI, M., HAYASAKA, Y., COOMBE, B.G.,et al.(1995). «Biosynthesis of flavour compounds in Muscat Gordo Blanco grape berries>>, Austr J Grape and Wine Res; 1: 19-24.
HARDIE, W.J., AGGENBACH, S.J. y JAUDZEMS, V.G.(996). «The plastids of the grape pericarp and their significance in isoprenoid synthesis>>, Aus J GrapeandWineRes;2: 144-154.
HRAZDINA, G. y MOSKOWITZ, A. H.(1980). «Subcellular status of anthocyanins in grape skins>>, In: A.D. Webb (ed), Proc Grape and Wine Centennial Symp., , Universidad de California, Davis. pp. 342- 352.
HASHIZUME, K. y SAMUTA, T (1999). «Grape maturity and light exposure affect berry methoxypyrazine concentration>>. Am J Enol Vi tic; 50: 194-198.
HUNTER, J.J.1998(a). «Plant spacing implications for grafted grapevine I. Soil characteristics, root growth, dry matter partitioning, dry matter composition and soil utilization>>. SAfr J EnoiVitic; 19:25-34.
__ .(1998) (b). «Plant spacing implications for grafted grapevine II. Soil water, plant water relations, canopy physiology, vegetative and reproductive characteristics. grape composition, wine quality and labour requirements>>, S Afr J EnoiVitic; 19:25-34.
__ .(1999). «Present status and prospects of winegrape viticulture in South Africa - focus on canopy related aspects/practices and relationshipswith grape and wine quality>>, ln:.Proc. 11th Meeting of the Study Group for Vine Training Systems (GESCO), 6-12 Junia, Sicilia, ltalia: 70-85.
__ .(2000). <<Implications of seasonal canopy management and growth compensation in grapevine», SAfr J EnoiVitic; 21 : 81-91.
HUNTER, J.J. y ARCHER, E. (2001 )(a).« Long-term cultivation strategies to improve grape quality», Proc. VI lith Viticulture and Enology Latin-American Congress, 12- 16 Noviembre 2001 (a), Montevideo, Uruguay.
__ .(2001)(b). <<Short-term cultivation strategies to improve grape quality>>, Proc. Vlllth Viticulture and Enology Latin-American Congress, 12- 16 November , Montevideo, Uruguay.
__ .(2003). Status of grapevine canopy management and future prospects. ACEnologia, Revista de Viticultura., Espana.
HUNTER, J.J., De VILLIERS, O.T. y WATTS, J.E.(1991). <<The effect of partial defoliation on quality characteristics of Vilis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes II. Skin, skin sugar, and wine quality>>, Am J Enol Vitic; 42: 13-18.
HUNTER, J.J. y RUFFNER, H.P. (1997). «Diurnal and seasonal changes in nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content of grapevines: Cffect of canopy management>>, Vilis; 36: 1-6.
__ . (2001 ).«Assimilate transport in grapevines-effect of phloem disruptiom>, Aust. J. Grape and Wine Research; 7: 118-126.
HUNTER, J.J. y VISSER, J.H. (1989).«The effect of partial defoliation, leaf position and developmental stage of the vine on leaf chlorophyll concentration in relation to the photosynthetic activity and light intensity in the canopy of Vitisvinifera L. cv. CabernetSauvignom>. SAfr J Enol Vitic; 10:67-73.
__ . (1990). <<The effect of partial defoliation on growth characteristics of Vilis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. II. Reproductive growth>>. SAfr J Enol Vitic; 11: 26-32.
HUNTER, J.J. y VOLSCHENK, C.G. (2001 ). <<Effect of altered canopy:root volume ratio on grapevine growth compensation>>. S Afr J Enol Vitic; 22: 27- 30.
LACEY, M.J., ALLEN, M.S., HARRIS, R.L.N. et al. (1991 ). <<Methoxypyrazines in Sauvignon blanc grapes and wines>>. Am J Enol Vitic; 42: 103-108.
LAVIN,A. y PARDO, M. (2003). Leaf removal time and its effect on the chemical composition of Chardonnay and Cabernet-Sauvignon musts and the composition and quality of wines in Cauquenes. Chile.
MAY, P. (1965). <<Reducing inflorescence formation by shading individual Sultana budS>L J Bioi Sci; 18:463-473.
MORALES, A. (1987). lnfluencia del microclima en torno al racimo sobre Ia composici6n quimica y calidad de mostos y vi nos. Tesis lngeniero Agr6nomo. Pontificia Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomfa. Santiago, Chile. 85p.
NADAL, M., MENCHON, J., MATEU, R. et al. (2001): <<Influence de Ia hauteur de palissage sur Ia qualite du raisin de cv Cabernet Sauvignon en climat mediterranean>>, Proc 12th GESCO Symposium, 3-7. Montpellier, Francia: 401-406.
PENA, A. (2003). Cam bios composicionales de Ia baya durante el proceso de maduraci6n y su importancia en Ia calidad de Ia uva y el vino. Universidad de chile.
QUIJANO, M. (2004). Ecología de una conexión solar. De Ia adoración del sol al desarrollo vitivinicola regional. En: Cultura Científica. FUJC. 2: 5-9.
ROJAS-LARA, B.A., and J.C. MORRISON. (1989). Differential effects of shading fruit or foliage on the development and composition of grape berries. Vilis 28:199-208.
RUFFNER, H.P. (1982) (a). <<Metabolism of tartaric and malic acids in Vilis: A review-PartA>>, Vilis ; 21:247-259.
__ (1982) (b).<<Metabolism of tartaric and malic acids in Vilis: A reviewPart B», Vilis; 21: 346-358.
SAITO, K. y KASAl, Z. <<Synthesis of L-(+)-tartaric acid from L-ascorbic acid via 5-keto-D-gluconic acid in grapes», Plant Physiol; 76: 170-174.
SINGLETON, V.L. (1984). <<Grape and wine phenolics; background and prospects», En: A.D. Webb (ed), Proc Grape and Wine Centennial Symp, Junio 1980, Universidad de California, Davis: 215-227.
SOMERS, T.C. (1980). «Pigment phenomena- from grapes to wine>>, En: A.D. Webb (ed), Proc Grape and Wine Certennial Symp. Universidad de California, Davis: 254-257.
SMART, R.E., SHAULIS, N.J. y LEMON, E.R. (1982). «The effect of Concord vineyard microclimate on yield. II. The interrelations between microclimate and yield expression>>, Am J Enol Vitic; 33: 109-116.
SWANEPOEL, J.J. y ARCHER, E. (1988). <<The ontogeny and development of Vilis vinifera L. cv. Chen in blanc inflorescence in relation to phonological stages>>, Vilis; 27: 133-1 41.
VOLSCHENK, C.G. y HUNTER, J.J. (2001) (b). <<Effect of seasonal canopy management on the performance of Chen in blanc/99 Richter grapevines», S Afr J Enol Vitic; 22: 36-40.
ARCHER. E .. SWANEPOEL, J.J. Y STRAUSS, H.C. (1988). «Effect of plant spacing and trellising systems on grapevine root distribution».ln: J.L. Van Zyl (comp.) The grapevine root and its environment, ARC lnfruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa,. pp. 74-87.
CARBONEAU, A. (1980). Recherche sur les systems de conduite de Ia vigne: essai de maitrise du microclimat et de Ia plante entiere pour produire economiquement du raisin de qualite. 240 p. These Docteur-lngenieur .. Universite de Bordeaux II , Bordeaux, Francia.
CHAMPAGNOL, F. (1984 ). Elements de physiologie de Ia vigne et viticulture generale. 251 p.lmprimerie Dehan, Montpellier, France.
CRIPPEN, D.O., and J.C. MORRISON. (1986). The effects of sun exposure on the compositional development of Cabernet-Sauvignon berries. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28:88-95.
GHOLAMI, M., HAYASAKA, Y., COOMBE, B.G.,et al.(1995). «Biosynthesis of flavour compounds in Muscat Gordo Blanco grape berries>>, Austr J Grape and Wine Res; 1: 19-24.
HARDIE, W.J., AGGENBACH, S.J. y JAUDZEMS, V.G.(996). «The plastids of the grape pericarp and their significance in isoprenoid synthesis>>, Aus J GrapeandWineRes;2: 144-154.
HRAZDINA, G. y MOSKOWITZ, A. H.(1980). «Subcellular status of anthocyanins in grape skins>>, In: A.D. Webb (ed), Proc Grape and Wine Centennial Symp., , Universidad de California, Davis. pp. 342- 352.
HASHIZUME, K. y SAMUTA, T (1999). «Grape maturity and light exposure affect berry methoxypyrazine concentration>>. Am J Enol Vi tic; 50: 194-198.
HUNTER, J.J.1998(a). «Plant spacing implications for grafted grapevine I. Soil characteristics, root growth, dry matter partitioning, dry matter composition and soil utilization>>. SAfr J EnoiVitic; 19:25-34.
__ .(1998) (b). «Plant spacing implications for grafted grapevine II. Soil water, plant water relations, canopy physiology, vegetative and reproductive characteristics. grape composition, wine quality and labour requirements>>, S Afr J EnoiVitic; 19:25-34.
__ .(1999). «Present status and prospects of winegrape viticulture in South Africa - focus on canopy related aspects/practices and relationshipswith grape and wine quality>>, ln:.Proc. 11th Meeting of the Study Group for Vine Training Systems (GESCO), 6-12 Junia, Sicilia, ltalia: 70-85.
__ .(2000). <<Implications of seasonal canopy management and growth compensation in grapevine», SAfr J EnoiVitic; 21 : 81-91.
HUNTER, J.J. y ARCHER, E. (2001 )(a).« Long-term cultivation strategies to improve grape quality», Proc. VI lith Viticulture and Enology Latin-American Congress, 12- 16 Noviembre 2001 (a), Montevideo, Uruguay.
__ .(2001)(b). <<Short-term cultivation strategies to improve grape quality>>, Proc. Vlllth Viticulture and Enology Latin-American Congress, 12- 16 November , Montevideo, Uruguay.
__ .(2003). Status of grapevine canopy management and future prospects. ACEnologia, Revista de Viticultura., Espana.
HUNTER, J.J., De VILLIERS, O.T. y WATTS, J.E.(1991). <<The effect of partial defoliation on quality characteristics of Vilis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes II. Skin, skin sugar, and wine quality>>, Am J Enol Vitic; 42: 13-18.
HUNTER, J.J. y RUFFNER, H.P. (1997). «Diurnal and seasonal changes in nitrate reductase activity and nitrogen content of grapevines: Cffect of canopy management>>, Vilis; 36: 1-6.
__ . (2001 ).«Assimilate transport in grapevines-effect of phloem disruptiom>, Aust. J. Grape and Wine Research; 7: 118-126.
HUNTER, J.J. y VISSER, J.H. (1989).«The effect of partial defoliation, leaf position and developmental stage of the vine on leaf chlorophyll concentration in relation to the photosynthetic activity and light intensity in the canopy of Vitisvinifera L. cv. CabernetSauvignom>. SAfr J Enol Vitic; 10:67-73.
__ . (1990). <<The effect of partial defoliation on growth characteristics of Vilis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. II. Reproductive growth>>. SAfr J Enol Vitic; 11: 26-32.
HUNTER, J.J. y VOLSCHENK, C.G. (2001 ). <<Effect of altered canopy:root volume ratio on grapevine growth compensation>>. S Afr J Enol Vitic; 22: 27- 30.
LACEY, M.J., ALLEN, M.S., HARRIS, R.L.N. et al. (1991 ). <<Methoxypyrazines in Sauvignon blanc grapes and wines>>. Am J Enol Vitic; 42: 103-108.
LAVIN,A. y PARDO, M. (2003). Leaf removal time and its effect on the chemical composition of Chardonnay and Cabernet-Sauvignon musts and the composition and quality of wines in Cauquenes. Chile.
MAY, P. (1965). <<Reducing inflorescence formation by shading individual Sultana budS>L J Bioi Sci; 18:463-473.
MORALES, A. (1987). lnfluencia del microclima en torno al racimo sobre Ia composici6n quimica y calidad de mostos y vi nos. Tesis lngeniero Agr6nomo. Pontificia Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomfa. Santiago, Chile. 85p.
NADAL, M., MENCHON, J., MATEU, R. et al. (2001): <<Influence de Ia hauteur de palissage sur Ia qualite du raisin de cv Cabernet Sauvignon en climat mediterranean>>, Proc 12th GESCO Symposium, 3-7. Montpellier, Francia: 401-406.
PENA, A. (2003). Cam bios composicionales de Ia baya durante el proceso de maduraci6n y su importancia en Ia calidad de Ia uva y el vino. Universidad de chile.
QUIJANO, M. (2004). Ecología de una conexión solar. De Ia adoración del sol al desarrollo vitivinicola regional. En: Cultura Científica. FUJC. 2: 5-9.
ROJAS-LARA, B.A., and J.C. MORRISON. (1989). Differential effects of shading fruit or foliage on the development and composition of grape berries. Vilis 28:199-208.
RUFFNER, H.P. (1982) (a). <<Metabolism of tartaric and malic acids in Vilis: A review-PartA>>, Vilis ; 21:247-259.
__ (1982) (b).<<Metabolism of tartaric and malic acids in Vilis: A reviewPart B», Vilis; 21: 346-358.
SAITO, K. y KASAl, Z. <<Synthesis of L-(+)-tartaric acid from L-ascorbic acid via 5-keto-D-gluconic acid in grapes», Plant Physiol; 76: 170-174.
SINGLETON, V.L. (1984). <<Grape and wine phenolics; background and prospects», En: A.D. Webb (ed), Proc Grape and Wine Centennial Symp, Junio 1980, Universidad de California, Davis: 215-227.
SOMERS, T.C. (1980). «Pigment phenomena- from grapes to wine>>, En: A.D. Webb (ed), Proc Grape and Wine Certennial Symp. Universidad de California, Davis: 254-257.
SMART, R.E., SHAULIS, N.J. y LEMON, E.R. (1982). «The effect of Concord vineyard microclimate on yield. II. The interrelations between microclimate and yield expression>>, Am J Enol Vitic; 33: 109-116.
SWANEPOEL, J.J. y ARCHER, E. (1988). <<The ontogeny and development of Vilis vinifera L. cv. Chen in blanc inflorescence in relation to phonological stages>>, Vilis; 27: 133-1 41.
VOLSCHENK, C.G. y HUNTER, J.J. (2001) (b). <<Effect of seasonal canopy management on the performance of Chen in blanc/99 Richter grapevines», S Afr J Enol Vitic; 22: 36-40.
Cómo citar
Almanza, pedro. (2005). El follaje y su función en la calidad de la producción vitícola. Cultura Científica, (3), 25–29. Recuperado a partir de https://revista.jdc.edu.co/index.php/Cult_cient/article/view/467
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Publicado
2005-10-31
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Artículo de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
